(Moscow Bureau) – In practical terms, Russia needs to go beyond its traditional rhetoric of Soviet-era assistance rendered to sub-Saharan African countries. It is important now to highlight, concretely, success stories and policy achievements, at least, during the past decade throughout Africa. The young generation and the middle class, aged between 25 and 45, that make up the bulk of the estimated population of 1.4 billion people, hardly see the broad impact of contemporary Russia’s economic aspects of its relations with Africa.
Russia plans to hold the next Russia-Africa summit in late October 2026. Sergey Lavrov, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, indicated in a message mid-July that “in these difficult and crucial times the strategic partnership with Africa has become a priority of Russia’s foreign policy. Russia highly appreciates the readiness of Africans to further step up economic cooperation.”
Lavrov said: “It is in the interests of our peoples to work together to preserve and expand mutually beneficial trade and investment ties under these new conditions. It is important to facilitate the mutual access of Russian and African economic operators to each other’s markets and encourage their participation in large-scale infrastructure projects. The signed agreements and the results will be consolidated at the forthcoming Russia-Africa summit.”
The above statement arguably offers some implications, especially discussing this question of relationship-building. Nevertheless, Lavrov has aptly asserted that within the “emerging and sustainable polycentric architecture of the world order,” relations with Africa is still a priority, but Russians have always closed their eyes on the fact that Russia’s foreign policy in Africa has failed to pronounce itself, in practical terms, as evidenced by the uncountable forays into Africa by Russian officials. Noticeably, officials shuttle between Africa’s capitals and Moscow.
The Soviet Union was quite extensively engaged in Africa, comparatively. And now Russia has only engaged in trading anti-Western slogans in the continent that also threatens African unity. Russia has only been criticizing other foreign players during the past two decades without showing any template model of building relationships directed at transforming Africa’s economy. Its foreign policy goals is simply to sustain the passion for declarations, signing several MoUs and bilateral agreements with African countries.
During the past years, there have been several meetings of various bilateral intergovernmental commissions both in Moscow and in Africa. The first Sochi summit discussed the priorities broadly and further identified opportunities for collaboration. There were 92 agreements signed, and 240 agreements during St. Petersburg summit, according to official documents. It, however, requires understanding the tasks and the emerging challenges. The current tasks should concretely focus on taking practical collaborative actions leading to goal-driven results. Lavrov hopes “the signed agreements and the results will be consolidated at the forthcoming Russia-Africa summit.”
Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson Maria Zakharova told a briefing held on Aug 20, 2026, that “a substantial package of intergovernmental documents and commercial contracts is planned to be signed during the Russia-Africa summit, scheduled for October.” Given the “mutual interest in stepping up our trade and investment cooperation, we plan to focus the agenda of the upcoming summit meeting on economic matters,” she said.
There, the attendees can discuss in substance a wide range of matters, including boosting Russian-African ties in agriculture, healthcare, education, and scientific-technical and cultural cooperation. “We expect to sign a substantial package of interstate documents and commercial contracts during the event. Well, and we also note, of course, with satisfaction, our partners’ considerable interest in the forthcoming event. Many African capitals have already confirmed their attendance and declared their intention to send representative delegations to Moscow, including heads of state entities and businessmen, of course,” Zakharova explained.
“We have a huge potential in this sphere, which has not yet been fully realized, as everyone admits. Key priorities have also been determined: to cooperate on peaceful uses of nuclear power, to develop independent payment systems, food security, digitalization, including the adoption of artificial intelligence,” Zakharova underlined.
Despite this policy rhetoric and attractive outline, Russia still plays very little role, particularly in Africa’s infrastructure, agriculture and industry. Investing in agriculture to ensure food security, investing in industry to add value to raw materials in the continent. While, given its global status, it ought to be active in Africa with noticeable investments, as Western Europe, the European Union, the United States and China are, it is all but absent, engage in geopolitical symbolism and playing a negligible role, according to Professor Gerrit Olivier at the Department of Political Sciences, University of Pretoria, and former South African Ambassador to the Russian Federation.
Researchers have been making tangible contributions to the development of African studies in Russia. The Moscow-based Africa Studies Institute has a huge pack of research materials useful for designing an African agenda. In an interview, Professor Vladimir Shubin at the Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, reiterated that Russia is not doing enough to communicate to the broad sectors of the public, particularly in Africa, true information about its domestic and foreign policies as well as the accomplishments of Russia’s economy, science and technology to form a positive perception of Russia within the context of the current global changes of the 21st century.
As to Russia’s involvement, it undoubtedly has a vast experience in the development of projects in Africa accumulated during Soviet times, building of power stations and dams or creating of technological training institutes. What is lacking, nowadays, is its ability to provide large investments, according to Shubin, “but Russian expertise and technology can still be used while carrying out internationally-financed projects in Africa.”
As to the failures, perhaps, we have to point to the lack of deep knowledge of African conditions, especially at the initial stage of the involvement which sometimes resulted in suggesting (or agreeing to) unrealistic projects, But there are good prospects for reactivating diversified cooperation, the academic explained.
Chronological analysis shows that Russia’s politics toward Africa, during the pre-2019 first Summit period was described as a lost decade, both in internal and external affairs, including relations with Africa. Historical documents further show that after the Soviet collapse, there were approximately 380 mega-projects across Africa. In the early 1990s, Russia exited, closed several diplomatic offices and abandoned all these, and now there are hardly any signs of Soviet-era infrastructure projects across Africa.
Policy statements have indicated a strong combined interest and optimism for raising multifaceted relations. That, however, at least during the past decade, official reports including speeches at high-level conferences, summits and bilateral meetings, indicated projects are being implemented in Africa by such leading Russian businesses as Rosneft, Lukoil, Rosgeo, Gazprom, Alrosa, Vi Holding, GPB Global Resources and Renova.
It is an acceptable fact that Russia has always been on Africa’s side in the fight against colonialism and now neo-colonialism. But the frequency of reminding again and again about Soviet-era assistance, that was offered more than 30 years ago following the Soviet collapse in 1991, will definitely not facilitate the expected beneficial trade and investment ties under these new geopolitical conditions. The United Nations declared Africa fully independent in 1960, and the Organization of African Unity (OAU) was formed on 25 May 1963 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Afreximbank President and Chairman of the Board of Directors, Dr. Benedict Okey Oramah, says Russian officials “keep reminding us about the Soviet era,” but the emotional link has simply not been used in transforming economic relations, except ear-deafening policy rhetoric. Oramah said one of Russia’s major advantages was the goodwill. He remarked that even young people in Africa knew how Russia helped African people fight for independence. “So an emotional link is there,” he told TASS News Agency.
The biggest thing that happened in Africa was the establishment of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). That is a huge game-changer, and steps have been made lately in the African countries for creating better conditions for business development and shaping an attractive investment climate. “Sometimes, it is difficult to understand why the Russians are not taking advantage of it? We have the Chinese, we have the Americans, we have the Germans who are operating projects…That is a very, very promising area,” Oramah said in his interview with local Russian media TASS.
As far back in 2017, the Russian Export Center (REC) became Oramah’s Afreximbank’s third-largest non-African shareholder, and was expected to contribute to the acceleration of investment, trade, and economic relations between Russia and African countries.
Oramah presented a useful economic report to a special business conference that ran from 18 to 22 June, and listed spheres for possible cooperation such as finance, energy, mining, railway infrastructure, digital technologies, cybersecurity, healthcare, education, food security in Africa. That conference saw several agreements signed, including between the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) and Sinara-Transport Machines JSC (STM), Transmash Holding JSC, Russian Export Center JSC, Avelar Solar Technology LLC, Chelyabinsk Pipe Plant PJSC, Kolon World Investment, and Opaia SA and the Roscongress Foundation.
Interesting to note here that the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) provides a unique and valuable platform for businesses to access an integrated African market of over 1.4 billion people. The growing middle class, estimated at 380 million (twice the aggregate Russia’s population), among other factors, constitutes a huge market potential in Africa. The African continent currently has enormous potential as a market, and some experts refer to it as the last business market frontier.
Many African countries are enacting economic reforms; demand is growing for high-quality, competitive products. Russian businesses are interested in this niche, but Russians are extremely slow. The snail-pace approach reflects their inability to determine financial instruments for supporting trade with and investment in Africa.
Accentuating the importance of multilateral cooperation between Russia and Africa, Advisor to the President of the Russian Federation, Anton Kobyakov, said: “The current situation in the world is such that we are witnesses to the formation of new centers of economic growth in Africa. Competition for African markets is growing, accordingly. There is no doubt that Russia’s non-commodity exporters will benefit from cooperating with Africa on manufacturing, technologies, finances, trade, and investment.”
Kobyakov further pointed to modern Russia, which already has experience of successful cooperation with African countries under its belt, is ready to make an offer to the African continent that will secure mutually beneficial partnership and the joint realization of decades of painstaking work carried out by several generations of Soviet and Russian people.
With its impressive relations, Russia has not, until today, pledged publicly concrete funds toward implementing its policy objectives in Africa. Moreover, Russian officials have under-estimated the fact that Russia’s overall economic engagement is largely staggering, various business agreements signed are still not fulfilled with many African countries.
Agreements and business negotiations resulted into 92 agreements, contracts and memoranda of understanding. Summit documents say a total of RUB 1.004 trillion (equivalent $12.5 bn) worth of agreements were signed at that highly-praised historic first summit in October 2019.
Large Russian companies have unsuccessfully been with their much continental-throttling projects, negatively reflecting the real motives for bilateral economic cooperation. There are several examples such as Rosatom in South Africa, Norrick Nickel in Botswana, Ajeokuta Steel Plant in Nigeria, Mining projects in Uganda and Zimbabwe, Lukoil in Cameroon, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. Currently, Russia is simply invisible in spheres providing infrastructure across Africa.
Undoubtedly, a number of Russian companies have largely under-performed in Africa, experts described was primarily due to multiple reasons. France was grossly at fault, and United States with its neo-colonialism, such high-level criticisms. Most often, Russian investors strike important investment niches that still require long-term strategies and adequate country study. Grappling with reality, there are many investment challenges, though, including official bureaucracy and the governance system in Africa.
In order to ensure business safety and consequently taking steps to realize the primary goals, it is necessary to attain some level of understanding the priorities of the country, investment legislations, comply with terms of agreement and a careful study of policy changes, particularly when there is a sudden change in government.
What is abundantly clear is how to further stimulate African governments into exploring investment opportunities in Russia and also Russian investors into Africa within some framework of cooperation. In order to facilitate both Russian and African economic operators to have access to each other’s markets and encourage their participation in large-scale infrastructure projects must necessarily involve taking progressive practical steps toward resolving existing obstacles.
Worth saying here that African leaders are waiting to cut white ribbons marking the successful completion of a Russian-managed something. Really, it is time to shift away from juicy rhetoric and move on towards implementing the package of bilateral agreements, especially those involving infrastructure investments, determining financing for concrete projects and delivering on decade-old pledges to the people of Africa. Of course, Africa does not expect ‘charity’ from Russia. Business is, however, negotiable and Africa is prepared for this.
While Russian and African leaders strike common positions on the global platform, there is also the need to recognize and appreciate the welfare of 1.4 billion, the majority impoverished, in Africa. Significant to suggest that with new horizons of the polycentric world order emerging and unfolding, active engagement of the African youth, women entrepreneurs, civil society leaders and active change-makers in the middle class in policy efforts is necessary.
With the youth’s education, some experts are critical. Gordey Yastrebov, a Postdoctoral Researcher and Lecturer at the Institute for Sociology and Social Psychology at the University of Cologne (Germany), argues in an email interview discussion that “education can be a tool for geopolitical influence in general, and for changing perceptions specifically, and Russia (just like any other country) could use it for that same purpose. However, Russia has to do much more substantial on this front, at least with consistent effort and with obvious outcomes. There should be large-scale investment programs in education focusing on this.”
He explains that Russian education can become appealing these days, for Russia to boast any significant scientific and technological achievements. Western educational and scientific paradigm embraces cooperation and critical thinking, whereas this is not the case with the Russian paradigm. Obviously, by now, Africa should look up to more successful examples elsewhere, perhaps in the United States and Europe.
The official Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website indicated that it is evident that the significant potential of the economic cooperation is far from being exhausted; much remains to be done in creating conditions necessary for interaction between Russia and Africa. At a meeting of the Ministry’s Collegium, Minister Sergey Lavrov suggested, back in 2019, the necessity to borrow a chapter on the approach and methods adopted by China in Africa.
Now at the crossroads, it could be meandering and longer than expected to make the mark. If existing challenges, obstacles and impediments are not addressed, Russia’s return journey could take another generation to reach the destination, Africa. With the current geopolitically changing world, Russia has to redefine policy parameters and adopt a more strategic approach within the principle of finding common solutions to Africa’s development expectations.#
